Bone healing is an intricate physiological process that several factors, including age, poor vascularization, comorbidities such as diabetes or osteoporosis, and the severity of fractures or spinal fusions, can hamper. As nonunion and delayed union fractures present significant clinical and economic burdens, Bone Growth Stimulator (BGS) devices have gained prominence as an effective adjunctive therapy. These devices employ electrical, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic stimulation to accelerate bone regeneration, offering non-invasive and minimally invasive alternatives to repeated surgeries.




